An insurgency is described as which of the following?

• A. A politico-military movement that challenges political and/or military authority
• B. A peaceful protest that seeks representative reforms
• C. A purely economic uprising against existing governance
• D. A foreign invasion backed by external powers

Answer: (A)

Insurgency involves a political-military struggle waged by non-state actors against an established authority, aiming to challenge and change the government or occupying power through both political goals and armed action. This description fits best because it captures the combined political and military nature of such movements, not just protests or economic grievances. A peaceful protest seeking reforms lacks the armed component that characterizes insurgencies. A purely economic uprising centers on economic issues rather than directly challenging political or military authority. A foreign invasion is driven by external powers, not an internal movement challenging the state.